ABSTRACT Cancer is characterized by a wide variety of complex processes that yield uncontrolled growth for the cell. These complex processes must be elucidated to achieve goals such as early disease detection, improving prognosis, survival time, and chances of cure. It is, therefore, important to understand how and why cancer starts and how metastasis and recurrence occur. Biomarkers determine the presence, type, and aggressiveness of cancer cells and help in the selection of personalized, targeted therapeutic agents.